Ensuring the accuracy of your genealogical findings is crucial for building a reliable family history. The Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS) provides a comprehensive framework to achieve this goal. By adhering to its five essential elements, genealogists can ensure their research is thorough, well-documented, and credible.
Contents
- Introduction to the Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS)
- GPS Element One: Reasonably Exhaustive Research
- GPS Element Two: Complete and Accurate Source Citations
- GPS Element Three: Analysis and Correlation of Evidence
- GPS Element Four: Resolution of Conflicting Evidence
- GPS Element Five: Soundly Written Conclusion
- References
Introduction to the Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS)
Genealogy is more than just collecting names and dates; it’s about constructing an accurate and meaningful family history. The Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS) serves as a guideline to ensure the integrity and accuracy of your research.
Definition of Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS)
The Genealogical Proof Standard is a set of guidelines designed to help genealogists achieve credible and reliable research results. It encompasses a series of steps and considerations that work together to confirm the authenticity of genealogical data.
Importance of GPS in Genealogical Research
Adhering to the GPS is vital for several reasons. It helps researchers avoid errors, ensures the validity of their conclusions, and provides a structured approach to evaluating evidence. Using the GPS, genealogists can confidently present their findings, knowing they have met a high standard of proof.
Overview of the Five Elements of GPS
The GPS is built on five key elements: Reasonably Exhaustive Research, Complete and Accurate Source Citations, Analysis and Correlation of Evidence, Resolution of Conflicting Evidence, and a Soundly Written Conclusion. Each element plays a crucial role in establishing a solid foundation for genealogical research. In the following sections, we will explore these elements in detail, providing you with the knowledge and tools needed to apply the GPS effectively in your own research.
GPS Element One: Reasonably Exhaustive Research
Reasonably exhaustive research is the cornerstone of the Genealogical Proof Standard. It involves searching for all relevant information about a particular genealogical question, ensuring no stone is left unturned.
Definition and Explanation
Reasonably exhaustive research means thoroughly investigating all available resources that might provide information on your genealogical subject. This includes looking at a wide range of records, from primary sources like birth certificates and marriage licenses to secondary sources such as family histories and biographies [1].
Strategies for Conducting Exhaustive Research
To conduct exhaustive research, you need a systematic approach that covers various aspects of genealogical investigation. Here are some strategies to guide you:
Utilizing Diverse Sources
Using a variety of sources increases the likelihood of finding comprehensive information. This includes:
- Civil records (birth, marriage, death certificates)
- Census records
- Church records (baptisms, marriages, burials)
- Military records
- Probate and land records
- Newspapers and obituaries
Each type of record can provide different pieces of information that, when combined, create a fuller picture of your ancestor’s life.
Avoiding Common Research Pitfalls
Genealogical research can be challenging, and there are common pitfalls to avoid:
- Relying on a single source: Always cross-reference information from multiple records.
- Ignoring indirect evidence: Sometimes the clues you need come from less obvious places.
- Overlooking the importance of context: Understanding the historical and social context can provide valuable insights into your ancestors’ lives.
Case Study: Example of Exhaustive Research
To illustrate reasonably exhaustive research, consider the case of tracing an ancestor’s immigration journey.
Begin with passenger lists and immigration records to find arrival details. Next, check naturalization records for further information on their settlement. Investigate census records to track their movements and family changes over the years. Use city directories and land records to pinpoint addresses and property ownership. Each of these sources adds a layer of detail, creating a robust and comprehensive narrative of the ancestor’s life.
Reasonably exhaustive research is essential for constructing an accurate and credible genealogical history. By employing diverse sources, avoiding common pitfalls, and systematically gathering information, you can ensure your genealogical findings stand up to scrutiny.

GPS Element Two: Complete and Accurate Source Citations
Source citations are crucial in genealogy because they provide the foundation for verifying and validating your research. Accurate citations allow others to trace your steps and confirm the information you have gathered.
Importance of Source Citations in Genealogy
Citing sources is fundamental to genealogical research. It establishes the credibility of your work, allows others to follow your research trail, and helps avoid plagiarism. By documenting where you found each piece of information, you provide transparency and accountability in your research process [2].
Guidelines for Proper Citation
Proper citation involves more than just noting where you found information. It requires consistency and attention to detail to ensure that your sources are documented in a clear and accessible manner.
Consistency in Citation Style
Using a consistent citation style is essential for clarity and uniformity. Choose a citation style that suits your needs, such as:
- Chicago Manual of Style
- Evidence Explained by Elizabeth Shown Mills
- APA or MLA styles for certain contexts
Consistency helps maintain the quality and readability of your genealogical work, making it easier for others to understand and verify your sources.
Recording Source Details
When citing a source, include all relevant details to make it easily identifiable. This typically includes:
- Author or creator
- Title of the source
- Publication date and place
- Repository or database where the source was found
- Specific details like page numbers or record numbers
Thorough and precise citations ensure that anyone can locate the original source without difficulty.
Tools and Resources for Citation Management
Managing citations can be challenging, but there are tools and resources available to help streamline the process and ensure accuracy.
Genealogical software programs often include built-in citation features that can automatically format and organize your citations. Programs like Family Tree Maker, Legacy Family Tree, and RootsMagic provide templates and guidelines for creating proper citations.
Online citation generators and management tools, such as Zotero and EndNote, can also assist in creating and organizing your references. These tools help you maintain a consistent citation style and keep track of your sources efficiently.
Using these tools can save time and reduce errors, allowing you to focus on the research itself.
Complete and accurate source citations are a cornerstone of credible genealogical research. By understanding the importance of citations, adhering to proper guidelines, and utilizing helpful tools, you can ensure your genealogical findings are well-documented and trustworthy.
GPS Element Three: Analysis and Correlation of Evidence
Analysis and correlation of evidence involve evaluating and connecting various pieces of information to build a coherent and accurate genealogical narrative. This process helps verify the accuracy of your findings and resolve any inconsistencies.
Defining Evidence Analysis and Correlation
Evidence analysis is the process of critically examining the information you have gathered to determine its reliability and relevance. Correlation involves comparing and linking pieces of evidence to form a cohesive and logical conclusion about your genealogical questions [3].
Methods for Analyzing Evidence
Effective analysis requires a systematic approach to assess the credibility and significance of each piece of evidence.
Evaluating Source Reliability
Assessing the reliability of sources is essential to ensure the accuracy of your research. Consider the following factors:
- Primary vs. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are created at the time of an event and are generally more reliable than secondary sources, which are based on later interpretations.
- Original vs. Derivative Records: Original records are created close to the event and are more trustworthy than derivative records, which are copies or transcriptions.
- Informant Knowledge: Evaluate the knowledge and proximity of the informant to the event. Firsthand accounts are usually more reliable than secondhand reports.
Cross-Referencing Information
Cross-referencing involves comparing multiple sources to verify the consistency and accuracy of information. Look for:
- Agreement Across Sources: Consistent information across different sources strengthens the credibility of the data.
- Discrepancies and Conflicts: Identify and address any inconsistencies. Conflicting information requires further investigation to determine the most accurate account.
Techniques for Correlating Evidence
Correlating evidence involves linking and synthesizing information from various sources to build a comprehensive understanding of your genealogical subject.
Creating Timelines and Charts
Timelines and charts are valuable tools for organizing and visualizing evidence. They help:
- Identify Gaps: Highlight periods where information is missing, guiding further research.
- Detect Patterns: Reveal patterns and connections between events and individuals.
- Clarify Relationships: Simplify complex relationships and events, making them easier to understand and analyze.
Using Software Tools for Correlation
Genealogical software and databases can assist in correlating evidence by providing features such as:
- Source Linking: Connect specific pieces of evidence to individual profiles.
- Mapping Functions: Visualize geographic locations of events to identify migration patterns and regional connections.
- Analytical Reports: Generate reports that summarize and analyze collected data, helping to identify inconsistencies and gaps.
GPS Element Four: Resolution of Conflicting Evidence
Conflicting evidence is a common challenge in genealogical research. Resolving these conflicts is essential for establishing accurate and reliable conclusions about your ancestors. This process involves identifying discrepancies, evaluating the credibility of sources, and seeking additional information to reconcile differences.
Identifying Conflicting Evidence
The first step in resolving conflicting evidence is recognizing and documenting inconsistencies in your research. These conflicts can arise from various sources, such as discrepancies in dates, places, names, or events. Careful examination of all collected evidence is necessary to pinpoint where the conflicts occur.
Strategies for Resolving Conflicts
Once conflicts are identified, apply systematic strategies to resolve them. These methods help assess the credibility of different sources and determine the most accurate information [4].
Assessing Evidence Credibility
Evaluating the reliability and relevance of conflicting sources is crucial for determining which information is most likely correct. Consider the following factors:
- Source Type: Primary sources are generally more reliable than secondary sources. Original records carry more weight than derivative records.
- Informant Knowledge: Firsthand accounts from individuals directly involved in the events are usually more credible than secondhand reports.
- Consistency with Other Evidence: Information that aligns with other reliable sources is more likely to be accurate.
Seeking Additional Sources
When conflicts arise, gathering more evidence can help clarify the situation. Look for additional records that might provide new insights or corroborate existing information. Some strategies include:
- Expanding the Search: Explore records from different locations, time periods, or types of documents that you haven’t yet examined.
- Consulting Expert Resources: Seek guidance from genealogical experts, professional organizations, or specialized publications that may offer solutions or alternative perspectives on the conflicting evidence.
- Reevaluating Existing Evidence: Reassess the evidence you already have to ensure no details were overlooked or misinterpreted.
Example Scenarios and Resolutions
Practical examples can illustrate how to resolve conflicts in genealogical research. Consider the following scenario:
Imagine you have conflicting birthdates for an ancestor from two different census records. To resolve this conflict, evaluate the reliability of each source. Census records can contain errors, so compare the information with other documents such as birth certificates, baptismal records, or family Bibles. Check for consistency with additional records like school, military, or employment documents. If one record consistently aligns with multiple sources, it is likely the more accurate date.
Another example might involve conflicting names or spellings. In this case, consider the historical context, including language, dialect, and common practices for name variations. Cross-reference with other documents such as marriage records, wills, or land deeds to find consistent naming patterns.
GPS Element Five: Soundly Written Conclusion
A soundly written conclusion is essential to genealogical research as it synthesizes all the gathered evidence into a coherent and persuasive narrative. This conclusion should clearly present your findings and provide a logical resolution to your genealogical questions.
Importance of Clear and Logical Conclusions
A clear and logical conclusion ensures that your research is understandable and convincing. It demonstrates how the evidence supports your findings and addresses any unresolved issues. This final step confirms the reliability and accuracy of your genealogical work.
Structuring Your Genealogical Conclusion
To write an effective conclusion, follow a structured approach that presents your research in a clear and organized manner.
Summarizing Research Findings
Begin by summarizing the key findings of your research. Highlight the most critical pieces of evidence and explain how they contribute to your conclusions. This summary should provide a concise overview of the information you have gathered and how it answers your genealogical questions.
Addressing Any Unresolved Issues
If there are any unresolved issues or gaps in your research, acknowledge them in your conclusion. Explain what steps you have taken to address these issues and outline any future research that may be necessary. Transparency about unresolved issues enhances the credibility of your work and provides a clear direction for ongoing investigation.
Reviewing and Revising Conclusions
Reviewing and revising your conclusions is a crucial step to ensure accuracy and clarity.
Reevaluate your findings to ensure that your conclusions are supported by the evidence. Check for any logical inconsistencies or gaps in your reasoning. Seek feedback from peers or mentors who can provide an objective assessment of your work.
Revising your conclusion might involve reorganizing information for clarity, refining your language for precision, or incorporating additional evidence to strengthen your argument.
A soundly written conclusion is the culmination of thorough and careful research. By summarizing your findings, addressing unresolved issues, and diligently reviewing and revising your work, you can create a compelling and credible genealogical narrative. This final step ensures that your research stands up to scrutiny and provides a reliable account of your family history.
References
[1] Genealogical Proof Standard
[2] Ethics and Standards
[3] Chapter 1: The Genealogical Proof Standard
[4] Seeking the True Story






